{"id":213704,"date":"2020-02-28T16:10:37","date_gmt":"2020-02-28T16:10:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ncriranlive.wpengine.com\/en\/?p=213704"},"modified":"2023-01-22T15:39:49","modified_gmt":"2023-01-22T14:39:49","slug":"irans-elections-were-a-sham-struan-stevenson","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/news\/iran-a-world\/irans-elections-were-a-sham-struan-stevenson\/","title":{"rendered":"Iran&#8217;s Elections Were a Sham &#8211; Struan Stevenson"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_213705\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-213705\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Mr_Stevensons_article_in_UPI_on_Irans_sham_elections\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Mr_Stevensons_article_in_UPI_on_Irans_sham_elections.jpg\" alt=\"Mr Stevenson&#039;s article in UPI on Iran&#039;s sham elections\" width=\"800\" height=\"713\" class=\"size-full wp-image-213705\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Mr_Stevensons_article_in_UPI_on_Irans_sham_elections.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Mr_Stevensons_article_in_UPI_on_Irans_sham_elections-300x267.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Mr_Stevensons_article_in_UPI_on_Irans_sham_elections-768x684.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Mr_Stevensons_article_in_UPI_on_Irans_sham_elections-696x620.jpg 696w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-213705\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mr Stevenson&#8217;s article in UPI on Iran&#8217;s sham elections<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In <a href=\"https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Top_News\/Voices\/2020\/02\/27\/Irans-elections-were-a-sham\/7241582810593\/?spt=su&amp;or=btn_tw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">an article on United Press International (UPI)<\/a> published on Thursday, Mr. Struan Stevenson<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0a former member of the European Parliament from Scotland and the president of the Parliament&#8217;s Delegation for Relations with Iraq<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0shed light on the Iranian regime\u2019s sham parliamentary elections on February 21, which faced a general boycott.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr id=\"system-readmore\" \/>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u201cIran held a general election on Friday following weeks of threats and warnings from the mullahs about the need to vote, so that the theocratic regime could retain some sort of semblance of legitimacy,\u201d read the article.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Most <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Iranians?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Iranians<\/a> boycotted the sham elections last week. To assess the reasons for this unprecedented boycott I used Farsi- speaking intermediaries to contact a number of nationals from various cities across <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Iran?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Iran<\/a>. Via <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/UPI?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@UPI<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/FreeIran2020?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#FreeIran2020<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/IranProtests?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#IranProtests<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/j221J4jJ7r\">https:\/\/t.co\/j221J4jJ7r<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u2014 STRUAN (@STRUANSTEVENSON) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/STRUANSTEVENSON\/status\/1233038312115515394?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">February 27, 2020<\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">While referring to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/iran-protests-2019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">nationwide Iran protests<\/a> and\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">regime\u2019s subsequent brutal crackdown and its impact on the Iranian people\u2019s general boycott of the elections, Mr. Stevenson wrote<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">:<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0\u201cIn November, over 1,500 mostly young people were shot and killed by the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps &#8212; the regime&#8217;s Gestapo &#8212; during a nationwide uprising. Over 4,000 people were injured and an estimated 20,000 arrested. The supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei ordered Iranians to vote, telling them that casting their ballot was even more important than attending Friday prayers.\u201d<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Referring to the massive purge of the rival faction by the regime\u2019s supreme leader Ali Khamenei to unipolar his regime, Mr. Stevenson wrote<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">:<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0\u201cKhamenei had muddied the electoral waters by removing thousands of potential candidates from the lists, including 90 sitting members of the Iranian Parliament, on the grounds that he considered them as \u2018too moderate.\u2019 Turnout at the sham election was disastrous.\u201d<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u201cDespite the usual extensive vote-rigging, the IRGC&#8217;s official Fars news agency quoted Interior Ministry officials saying that less than 20 percent of eligible voters had cast a ballot in the capital Tehran, lamely blaming it on the coronavirus outbreak. The mullahs later tried to claim that the actual countrywide turnout was over 40 percent, but sources contacted inside Iran have confirmed that it was certainly less than half that figure,\u201d he added.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Mr. Stevenson, in order to assess the reason for this unprecedented boycott, contacted Iranian citizens inside Iran through Farsi speaking intermediaries to ask them whether they had participated in the elections or not.\u00a0 According to Mr. Stevenson<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">:<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0\u201cThese people were chosen at random for interview.\u201d \u201cTheir full identities have been withheld for security reasons, although I have identified their cities and where applicable, their professions,\u201d he added.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Mr. Stevenson\u2019s first interview was with an Iranian man, named Arash from Tehran. \u201cArash from Tehran is 40 years old. He is divorced and has two daughters. Arash said he was a truck driver but is unemployed because there are no jobs. He said he had not voted in this election and in fact had never voted in any of the elections held under the mullahs,\u201d read the article.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">While quoting Arash<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0Mr. Stevenson wrote in his article: &#8220;We didn&#8217;t vote because our votes have no impact and are useless. All members of the parliament think only about their own pockets and benefits. People are living under the absolute poverty line. The regime is shooting to kill us; who do you expect us to vote for? We will not vote for those who killed our compatriots in the November 2019 protests.&#8221;<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u201c<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Navab<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0from\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Baluchestan<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0Province is 35 years old and single. He said he is self-employed. He has a degree in accountancy but says there are no jobs for accountants. He did not vote in the election and said that none of his friends and colleagues and no one in his family or among his relatives had voted. When asked why,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Navab<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0said, \u2018Because we don&#8217;t want this regime. Why should we bother to vote? Whatever our votes are, they will select their own favorites in this sham election. With forged votes, they will pick those who are favored by the IRGC out of the ballot box,\u2019\u201d\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">&#8211;\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">this was another interview by Mr. Stevenson.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Navab<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0told Mr. Stevenson<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">:<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0\u201cThe government is abusing and exploiting the extreme poverty of our oppressed people. They told the poor to go and vote, and they would get 50,000 or 100,000\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">tomans<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0($1.13 or $2.38), which is nothing. There were villages who had only 500 people eligible to vote but when the votes were\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">counted,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0they announced 1,500 votes. It is all too clear that these are forged votes, which were put in the ballot box by the government.\u201d<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">While referring to the call made by Mrs. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/news\/maryam-rajavi\/14237-maryam-rajavi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Maryam Rajavi<\/a>, the president-elect of <a href=\"https:\/\/ncr-iran.org\/en\/alternative\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the National Council of Resistance of Iran<\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">people\u2019s positive answer, Mr. Stevenson further quoted\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Navab<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, another Iranian saying: \u201c<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Navab<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0said he had been aware of the call by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/news\/maryam-rajavi\/14237-maryam-rajavi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Maryam Rajavi<\/a>, president-elect of the <a href=\"https:\/\/ncr-iran.org\/en\/alternative\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Council of Resistance of Iran<\/a>, the main democratic opposition, to boycott the election. He said it was a good thing because\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Rajavi&#8217;s<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0call had resulted in 80 percent of the people not voting due to the injustice in the<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/iran-protests-2019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> November protests<\/a>, where the IRGC had killed 1,500 people.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">The failure of the regime to intimidate people to go to the polls reflects the Iranian people\u2019s homage to the 1,500 martyrs of the November 2019 uprising and portends of subsequent uprisings <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/IranProtests?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#IranProtests<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/FreeIran2020?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#FreeIran2020<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/TEOj5SyOT2\">https:\/\/t.co\/TEOj5SyOT2<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/OijOyc3Cjt\">pic.twitter.com\/OijOyc3Cjt<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u2014 Maryam Rajavi (@Maryam_Rajavi) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/Maryam_Rajavi\/status\/1230880826906357762?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">February 21, 2020<\/a>\u00a0<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u201cThey killed 176 people in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/news\/iran-world\/27198-u-s-confirms-iran-regime-s-role-in-shooting-down-ukrainian-airplane\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ukrainian plane disaster<\/a>. Our people have a deep grief in their heart caused by this regime. They have no popularity amongst the people. They are ruling only by force. This religious dictatorship has brought us nothing but misery. There is a lot of discrimination against our people in\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Baluchestan<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. We are Sunni, and up to now, we have not had even a mosque in Tehran to pray in. We have no freedom of expression. If any of our clergy criticize the regime, they will be arrested. For instance, Molana Fazl Rahman Koohi was arrested because he criticized the killings during the November 2019 protests. He has been in jail for three months, and no one knows his whereabouts. After 41 years,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Baluchestan<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0still has no piped water; we have no proper roads, no gas, no schools for children except in huts,\u201d\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Navab<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0had told Mr. Stevenson.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u201cThey spend our wealth for the Arab countries, and all our young people are jobless,&#8221; he said. Ahmad has never voted. Nor did his family and friends. He said<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">:<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0&#8220;Before the election, I saw they were giving bags of rice to the poor to make them vote. On the day of the election, I witnessed that the security forces attacked someone who was trying to film one of the polling stations to show that there was no one there to vote. They arrested him, took his mobile and told him if he did it\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">again,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0they would hang him,\u201d read the article quoting another Iranian by the name of Ahmad, from Khuzestan province, southwest Iran.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u201cReza from the city of Ardebil in the province of Azerbaijan is married with one child. He owns a supermarket. He has never voted in any election under the ruling theocracy. When asked if any of his family or friends had voted, he said: \u201cI believe that 90 percent of the people did not vote. Seven or 8 percent voted out of fear, and only 2 or 3 percent voted proudly because they are the regime&#8217;s guys,\u2019\u201d<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">this was another interview by Mr. Stevenson.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Mr. Stevenson concluded his article by\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">quoting\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Reza as saying: \u201cI never trusted this regime, and I was always certain that its elections were fraudulent. Members of the parliament are selected behind the curtains, and voting is just a sham, a pretention and demagoguery. There has always been buying and selling of votes under this regime. It was not only in this election. I heard from three people that they sold their vote. They were each paid 40,000\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">tomans<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0(95 cents) to vote. You can see the photos and clips of it on the Internet.\u201d<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Struan Stevenson is the coordinator of the Campaign for Iran Change. He was a member of the European Parliament representing Scotland (1999-2014), president of the Parliament&#8217;s Delegation for Relations with Iraq (2009-14) and chairman of the Friends of a Free Iran Intergroup (2004-14). He is an international lecturer on the Middle East and president of the European Iraqi Freedom Association.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In an article on United Press International (UPI) published on Thursday, Mr. Struan Stevenson,&nbsp;a former member of the European Parliament from Scotland and the president of the Parliament&rsquo;s Delegation for [&#8230;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":213705,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18,496],"tags":[186,492],"class_list":{"0":"post-213704","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-iran-a-world","8":"category-iran-election","9":"tag-coronavirus","10":"tag-iran-elections"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Iran&#039;s Elections Were a Sham - Struan Stevenson - NCRI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In an article on United Press International (UPI) published on Thursday, Mr. Struan Stevenson,\u00a0a former member of the European Parliament from Scotland\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/news\/iran-a-world\/irans-elections-were-a-sham-struan-stevenson\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Iran&#039;s Elections Were a Sham - Struan Stevenson - NCRI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In an article on United Press International (UPI) published on Thursday, Mr. Struan Stevenson,\u00a0a former member of the European Parliament from Scotland\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/news\/iran-a-world\/irans-elections-were-a-sham-struan-stevenson\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"NCRI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-02-28T16:10:37+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-01-22T14:39:49+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Mr_Stevensons_article_in_UPI_on_Irans_sham_elections.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"800\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"713\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Struan Stevenson\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@iran_policy\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@iran_policy\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Struan Stevenson\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":[\"Article\",\"BlogPosting\"],\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ncr-iran.org\\\/en\\\/news\\\/iran-a-world\\\/irans-elections-were-a-sham-struan-stevenson\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ncr-iran.org\\\/en\\\/news\\\/iran-a-world\\\/irans-elections-were-a-sham-struan-stevenson\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Struan Stevenson\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ncr-iran.org\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/3f6c1ba74642ff2cfd8a6671ab5a85e8\"},\"headline\":\"Iran&#8217;s Elections Were a Sham &#8211; 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