{"id":226163,"date":"2020-09-16T10:43:43","date_gmt":"2020-09-16T09:43:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/?p=226163"},"modified":"2023-01-25T13:31:42","modified_gmt":"2023-01-25T12:31:42","slug":"iran-all-factions-of-the-regime-were-involved-in-1988-massacre","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/news\/human-rights\/iran-all-factions-of-the-regime-were-involved-in-1988-massacre\/","title":{"rendered":"Iran: All Factions of the Regime Were Involved in 1988 Massacre"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_224705\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-224705\" style=\"width: 700px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Pictures-of-some-victims-of-1988-Massacre-in-Iran-in-a-public-photo-exhibition\" class=\"size-full wp-image-224705\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pictures-of-some-victims-of-1988-Massacre-in-Iran-in-a-public-photo-exhibition.jpg\" alt=\"Iran: 32 Years After 1988 Massacre: It Is Time for UN General Assembly To Act\" width=\"700\" height=\"394\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pictures-of-some-victims-of-1988-Massacre-in-Iran-in-a-public-photo-exhibition.jpg 700w, https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pictures-of-some-victims-of-1988-Massacre-in-Iran-in-a-public-photo-exhibition-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Pictures-of-some-victims-of-1988-Massacre-in-Iran-in-a-public-photo-exhibition-696x392.jpg 696w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-224705\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pictures of some victims of 1988 Massacre in Iran in a public photo exhibition<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Last month, Amnesty International used Twitter to share a document from the organization\u2019s archives concerning the massacre of political prisoners that took place during the summer of 1988 in Iran. The document, an appeal to contemporary Iranian authorities, underscores the fact that then-Prime Minister Mir-Hossein Mousavi and other regime officials were fully aware of the killings and either allowed them to continue or actively encouraged and covered them up.<!--more--><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"fa\" dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u06f6\u06f7\u060c \u0628\u0627 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0646\u0627\u06af\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u200c \u0632\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0641\u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u06f2\u06f5\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u06f1\u06f1 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u0631 \u06f1\u06f3\u06f6\u06f7\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0647 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u00ab\u0645\u0648\u062c \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u00bb \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%BA%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#\u0627\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631_\u0628\u0647_\u062e\u0648\u0646_\u0622\u063a\u0634\u062a\u0647<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/r8jD2nGOpN\">pic.twitter.com\/r8jD2nGOpN<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Amnesty Iran (@AmnestyIran) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AmnestyIran\/status\/1295708012259278854?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">August 18, 2020<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>In fact, the document was only one of 16 that Amnesty had sent to Tehran in an effort to halt the killings. Not one of them garnered a response, and Amnesty came to recognize that the regime\u2019s official strategy was to deny that a massacre had ever taken place, despite a wealth of evidence. Some of the organization\u2019s appeals even called attention to hangings that had been carried out in public. Though these comprised only a small fraction of the thousands of total executions, they pointed to a pattern of violent repression that was quite visible to activists, prisoners, and independent journalists throughout the country.<\/p>\n<p>It is thanks in large part to the efforts of those activists that Amnesty was able to learn as much as it did about the killings while they were still ongoing. Unfortunately, those same voices failed to prevail among Western policymakers, who mostly preferred to turn a blind eye to Iran\u2019s domestic affairs in hopes of normalizing relationships with a regime whose hold on power they assumed to be secure. But <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/ncr-iran.org\/en\/news\/human-rights\/20932-the-1988-massacre-in-iran\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">massacre<\/a> itself should have been recognized as a sign of the regime\u2019s vulnerability in the face of public dissent from organized opposition groups like the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/english.mojahedin.org\/i\/primer-the-history-the-peoples-mojahedin-organization-iran\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">People\u2019s Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI-MEK)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>That MEK comprised the vast majority of the 30,000 political prisoners who were killed during the massacre. It nevertheless remained the leading voice for democracy in Iran, and has since grown to the point at which it led a nationwide uprising in January 2018, and another in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/iran-protests-2019-update\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">November 2019<\/a>. Both movements were defined by slogans that left little doubt about the public\u2019s demand for regime change. Among these was the refrain, \u201cPrinciplists, hardliners: the game is over.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>That slogan sought to highlight the perceived lack of substantive difference between the ideology and behavior of the two mainstream political factions in the regime. It is a message that has long been promoted by the MEK in the interest of arguing for a democratic alternative.<\/p>\n<p>In reporting on Amnesty\u2019s tweet, Radio Farda <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.radiofarda.com\/a\/iran-authorities-knew-about-dissident-executions-1988-amnesty-appeal-reveals\/30794224.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">said<\/a> that it \u201cappears to be a jab at Mir-Hossein Mousavi\u2026 as well as his supporters.\u201d This is significant because Mousavi became well-known from 2009 onward as a \u201creformist\u201d presidential candidate and one of two leaders of the \u201cGreen Movement\u201d following the disputed outcome of that year\u2019s election. For nearly a decade now, Mousavi has been under house arrest as a result of this dissent, but he continues to contradict independent reporting on the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/ncr-iran.org\/en\/news\/human-rights\/20932-the-1988-massacre-in-iran\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">1988 massacre<\/a>, and insists he had no knowledge of mass killings.<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/stats.sender.net\/forms\/dGYVLa\/view\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Weekly-Signe-up-logo-e1598946307486\" class=\"size-full wp-image-219239 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Weekly-Signe-up-logo-e1598946307486.png\" alt=\"Weekly-Signe-up-logo-e1598946307486\" width=\"300\" height=\"100\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>By exposing this as a lie, it is clear that leadership of the so called reform movement does not absolve any Iranian politician of culpability for the regime\u2019s crimes. That observation can be extended to implicate the current regime president, Hassan Rouhani, whose 2013 election was widely embraced by Western policymakers and portrayed as a partial vindication for the Green Movement following Tehran\u2019s violent suppression of protests. Enthusiasm for Rouhani\u2019s role has waned considerably during his time in office, thanks to his failure to follow through on almost any of his liberal-sounding campaign promises. But this outcome was predicted from day one by the MEK.<\/p>\n<p>Apart from recognizing the fundamental lack of difference between hardliners and so-called reformists, the leading opposition group was well aware of the fact that Rouhani had aligned himself with the worst elements of the regime in 1988, at which time he was already serving in a role that would have given him intimate knowledge of the emerging massacre. During his presidential campaign and after his election, Rouhani adhered to the regime\u2019s unofficial gag order regarding reference to mass executions. But in choosing the make-up of his government, he clarified his support for past crackdowns on dissent by appointing as Justice Minister a leading member of the \u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/iran1988.org\/perpetrators\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">death commissions<\/a>\u201d that oversaw the massacre.<\/p>\n<p>That cabinet official, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/iran1988.org\/mostafa-pour-mohammadi\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mostafa Pourmohammadi<\/a>, came under scrutiny in 2016 after a leaked audio recording from 1988 brought unprecedented public attention to the massacre. But he made no effort to hide from the allegations, telling state media that he was \u201cproud\u201d of his role in carrying out \u201cGod\u2019s command\u201d of death for MEK members. During the transition to Rouhani\u2019s second term in 2017, Pourmohammadi was removed from the cabinet, but remained as a close adviser to the president. What\u2019s more, his replacement as head of the Justice Ministry turned out to also have been a death commissioner in 1988.<\/p>\n<div class=\"lyte-wrapper\" title=\"VIDEO: The untold story of the 1988 Massacre in Iran\" style=\"width:853px;max-width:100%;margin:5px;\"><div class=\"lyMe\" id=\"WYL_20V-kL1WdsA\" itemprop=\"video\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/VideoObject\"><div><meta itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2F20V-kL1WdsA%2Fhqdefault.jpg\" \/><meta itemprop=\"embedURL\" content=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/20V-kL1WdsA\" \/><meta itemprop=\"duration\" content=\"PT7M56S\" \/><meta itemprop=\"uploadDate\" content=\"2018-02-26T15:51:53Z\" \/><\/div><div id=\"lyte_20V-kL1WdsA\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2F20V-kL1WdsA%2Fhqdefault.jpg\" class=\"pL\"><div class=\"tC\"><div class=\"tT\" itemprop=\"name\">VIDEO: The untold story of the 1988 Massacre in Iran<\/div><\/div><div class=\"play\"><\/div><div class=\"ctrl\"><div class=\"Lctrl\"><\/div><div class=\"Rctrl\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><noscript><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/20V-kL1WdsA\" rel=\"nofollow\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2F20V-kL1WdsA%2F0.jpg\" alt=\"VIDEO: The untold story of the 1988 Massacre in Iran\" width=\"853\" height=\"460\" \/><br \/>Watch this video on YouTube<\/a><\/noscript><meta itemprop=\"description\" content=\"VIDEO: The untold story of the 1988 Massacre in Iran https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/news\/human-rights\/20912-video-the-untold-story-of-the-1988-massacre-in-iran\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lL\" style=\"max-width:100%;width:853px;margin:5px;\"><\/div><\/p>\n<p>The same can now be said of Iran\u2019s judiciary chief, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/publications\/special-reports\/iran-who-is-ebrahim-raisi\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ebrahim Raisi<\/a>, who has overseen expanded crackdowns on dissent, especially in response to the recent nationwide uprisings. <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/iran-protests-2019-update\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">In November<\/a> alone, 1,500 peaceful <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/ncri-statements\/iran-protests\/27081-over-1-500-killed-in-the-iranian-people-s-nationwide-uprising-names-of-504-martyrs-released\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">protesters were shot<\/a> dead by the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/ncri-statements\/irgc-s-38-year-record-war-crackdown-exporting-terrorism-fundamentalist-and-advancing-the-nuclear-weapons-drive\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)<\/a>, and several other activists have since been sentenced to death for participation in that and other demonstrations. On Saturday, Tehran made international headlines by defying international appeals and carrying out the execution of champion wrestler <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/news\/breaking-news-the-clerical-regime-in-iran-hanged-the-wrestler-navid-afkari\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Navid Afkari<\/a>, who had taken part in a protest in August 2018.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Iran?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Iran<\/a>&#39;s regime executed political prisoner Navid Afkari after torturing him and obtaining forced confessions. His death sentence was carried out despite a global campaign calling to spare Afkari\u2019s life.<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/NavidAfkari?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#NavidAfkari<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/NoImpunity4Mullahs?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#NoImpunity4Mullahs<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/5gePhKp75N\">pic.twitter.com\/5gePhKp75N<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; NCRI-FAC (@iran_policy) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/iran_policy\/status\/1304712239740530688?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">September 12, 2020<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Naturally, Amnesty International was among the human rights organizations that had <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2020\/09\/iran-wrestling-champion-navid-afkari-feared-at-risk-of-imminent-secret-execution\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">urged Tehran<\/a> to spare the life of the popular athlete and activist. The failure of that appeal therefore joins a long list of campaigns that Amnesty has taken before Iranian authorities only to be rebuffed or ignored. It also underscores the regime\u2019s flat refusal to undertake meaningful reforms on the basis of mere recommendations or expressions of international outrage.<\/p>\n<p>If there is any hope at all for such reform, it depends upon the world community taking assertive action to hold Iranian officials accountable for past and ongoing crimes. That accountability must begin with the 1988 massacre \u2013 not only the \u201cworst crime of the Islamic Republic\u201d but also quite possibly the worst single crime against humanity to take place in the latter half of the 20th century.<\/p>\n<p>As evidenced by their continuing presence in powerful government positions, the officials who carried out that massacre have enjoyed a sense of impunity ever since the first warnings fell on deaf ears in the West. That impunity serves as the basis for the current crackdowns on dissent, including the mass murder of activists last November. The death toll from these crackdowns will continue to climb unless world powers band together to place strict sanctions on Iran over its human rights violations and to investigate the 1988 massacre and prosecute its perpetrators at the International Criminal Court.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Last month, Amnesty International used Twitter to share a document from the organization&rsquo;s archives concerning the massacre of political prisoners that took place during the summer of 1988 in Iran. [&#8230;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":224705,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[45,15,284],"tags":[130,141,142],"class_list":{"0":"post-226163","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-news","8":"category-human-rights","9":"category-iran-1988-massacre-of-political-prisoners","10":"tag-iran-protests","11":"tag-human-rights","12":"tag-1988-massacre"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Iran: All Factions of the Regime Were Involved in 1988 Massacre - NCRI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Last month, Amnesty International used Twitter to share a document from the organization\u2019s archives concerning the massacre of political prisoners that\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/news\/human-rights\/iran-all-factions-of-the-regime-were-involved-in-1988-massacre\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Iran: All Factions of the Regime Were Involved in 1988 Massacre - 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