{"id":246287,"date":"2021-09-03T09:25:53","date_gmt":"2021-09-03T14:25:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/?p=246287"},"modified":"2023-02-01T04:45:46","modified_gmt":"2023-02-01T03:45:46","slug":"growing-international-calls-for-investigating-1988-massacre-in-iran","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/news\/human-rights\/growing-international-calls-for-investigating-1988-massacre-in-iran\/","title":{"rendered":"Growing International Calls for Investigating 1988 Massacre in Iran"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Iran-1988-massacre-12122020\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-230972\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Iran-1988-massacre-12122020.jpg\" alt=\"Iran-1988-massacre-12122020\" width=\"1000\" height=\"664\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Iran-1988-massacre-12122020.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Iran-1988-massacre-12122020-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Iran-1988-massacre-12122020-768x510.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Iran-1988-massacre-12122020-696x462.jpg 696w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">UN Working Group on Enforced Disappearances\u00a0joined\u00a0the call for an international investigation into the\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/1988-massacre-of-political-prisoners-in-iran\/\" rel=\"noopener\">1988 massacre<\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u201cThe <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/news\/human-rights\/significance-of-un-experts-letter-on-1988-massacre-victory-for-justice-seeking-movement\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Working Group<\/a> reiterates the concerns expressed about the ongoing concealment of burial sites of those forcibly disappeared and allegedly executed between July and September 1988 across the country. The Working Group recalls that an enforced disappearance continues until the fate and whereabouts of the individuals concerned are established and joins the call for an international investigation into the matter,\u201d the report reads.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In the summer of 1988, over 30,000 political prisoners were executed. Most of the victims were the members and supporters of the People\u2019s Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI\/MEK).\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Recently the Iranian Resistance held a conference that focused equal attention upon details of that massacre as recalled by its survivors and upon legal issues relating to it.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The conference was attended by more than <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/news\/conference-on-irans-1988-massacre-reiterates-international-calls-to-action\/\" rel=\"noopener\">1,000 former<\/a> political prisoners and eyewitnesses to the regime\u2019s mass executions, many of whom addressed a global audience via the live video stream.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">They were accompanied by various European policymakers and legal scholars, who offered insight regarding the role\u00a0that Western governments and judicial systems\u00a0might play in bringing major perpetrators of the massacre to justice, including the regime\u2019s current president Ebrahim Raisi.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">While the estimated number of victims of the 1988 massacre is above 30,000, one\u00a0eyewitness to the massacre who provided a video testimonial to the NCRI before Friday\u2019s conference even suggested that this is a conservative estimate.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2021\/08\/04\/opinions\/ebrahim-raisi-1988-iran-political-prisoner-executions-royaei\/index.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Mahmoud\u00a0Royaei<\/a>\u00a0noted that \u201cin some prisons, there were absolutely no survivors to give their testimonies about the events,\u201d meaning that Tehran would have been free to underreport the number of people who were detained in those prisons prior to the massacre. At the same time, the deputy intelligence minister at the time of the massacre, Reza Malek, referred to the death commissions on at least one occasion as having targeted 33,700 people, almost all of whom were members of\u00a0the MEK.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"lyte-wrapper\" title=\"Iran: A Fatwa Which Took the Life of 30,000 Political Prisoners in 1988 Massacre\" style=\"width:853px;max-width:100%;margin:5px;\"><div class=\"lyMe\" id=\"WYL_yeMqgOly1Fg\" itemprop=\"video\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/VideoObject\"><div><meta itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FyeMqgOly1Fg%2Fhqdefault.jpg\" \/><meta itemprop=\"embedURL\" content=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/yeMqgOly1Fg\" \/><meta itemprop=\"duration\" content=\"PT2M20S\" \/><meta itemprop=\"uploadDate\" content=\"2021-08-01T21:12:01Z\" \/><\/div><div id=\"lyte_yeMqgOly1Fg\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FyeMqgOly1Fg%2Fhqdefault.jpg\" class=\"pL\"><div class=\"tC\"><div class=\"tT\" itemprop=\"name\">Iran: A Fatwa Which Took the Life of 30,000 Political Prisoners in 1988 Massacre<\/div><\/div><div class=\"play\"><\/div><div class=\"ctrl\"><div class=\"Lctrl\"><\/div><div class=\"Rctrl\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><noscript><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/yeMqgOly1Fg\" rel=\"nofollow\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FyeMqgOly1Fg%2F0.jpg\" alt=\"Iran: A Fatwa Which Took the Life of 30,000 Political Prisoners in 1988 Massacre\" width=\"853\" height=\"460\" \/><br \/>Watch this video on YouTube<\/a><\/noscript><meta itemprop=\"description\" content=\"In a crime against humanity, the Iranian regime secretly executed over 30,000 political prisoners in 1988. This massacre was implemented following a fatwa by the regime\u2019s then-Supreme Leader, Ruhollah Khomeini. In just 231 words, Khomeini decided the fate of over 30,000 Iranian youth. The victims of this fatwa were the members and supporters of the Mujahedin-e Khalq or MEK, who Khomeini described as \u201cMonafeqin.\u201d In his fatwa, Khomeini orders the execution of all the MEK members in prisons who persisted in their beliefs. As the treacherous Monafeqin do not believe in Islam and what they say is out of deception and hypocrisy, and as their leaders have confessed that they have become renegades, and as they are waging war on God, and as they are engaging in classical warfare in the western, the northern and the southern fronts, and as they are collaborating with the Baathist Party of Iraq and spying for Saddam against our Muslim nation, and as they are tied to the World Arrogance, and in light of their cowardly blows to the Islamic Republic since its inception, it is decreed that those who are in prisons throughout the country and remain steadfast in their support for the Monafeqin [Mojahedin], are waging war on God and are condemned to execution. Khomeini\u2019s cruelty is evident in his fatwa. It is naive to show mercy to those who wage war on God. The decisive way in which Islam treats the enemies of God is among the unquestionable tenets of the Islamic regime. I hope that with your revolutionary rage and vengeance toward the enemies of Islam, you would achieve the satisfaction of the Almighty God. This decree was so unprecedented that the head of the Judicial Council, Abdulkarim Mousavi Ardebili, sought clarification asking whether this decree apply to only those who have been in prison, who have already been tried and sentenced to death or those prisoners who have received limited jail terms and have already served part of their sentences but continue to hold fast to their stance in support of the MEK? Khomeini\u2019s answer is short but explicit and inhumane: \u201cIn all the above cases, if the person at any stage or at any time maintains him [or her] support for the Monafeqin [MEK], the sentence is execution. Annihilate the enemies of Islam immediately. As for the cases cited, use whichever criterion that speeds up the implementation of the verdict.\u201d Following this decree, the Death Commissions were formed across Iran. They only asked one question: Do you still support the MEK Or not. Those who said yes were sent to the gallows. More than 30,000 of Iran\u2019s most valuable youth were massacred after advocating for freedom In Iran. The perpetrators of this massacre hold the highest positions in the regime. The regime\u2019s new president, Ebrahim Raisi, and the Judiciary Chief, Gholamhossain Mohseni Ejei, are among those officials. Raisi was one of the key members of Tehran\u2019s Death Commission. These criminals should be held to account. Read More: https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/IranNCR\/ https:\/\/twitter.com\/iran_policy Subscribe to NCRI weekly newsletter t.ly\/MybJ\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lL\" style=\"max-width:100%;width:853px;margin:5px;\"><\/div><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The Iranian Resistance has\u00a0long urged the international community to ascertain the exact scale of the massacre by launching a formal United Nations commission of inquiry. Such an investigation would no doubt establish the identities of major participants in the massacre, as well. But the eyewitness testimony from Friday\u2019s conference and the preceding videos\u00a0underscores\u00a0the fact that leading participants have long since been identified.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The last push for accountability has been motivated in large part by Ebrahim Raisi\u2019s ascension to the presidency, and many speakers at the conference duly emphasized the notion that Western nations have a stronger responsibility than ever to bring such figures to justice.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Just prior to the massacre, Raisi was serving as a deputy prosecutor for Tehran when he was tapped to serve on the Tehran death commission that would oversee the implementation of Ruhollah Khomeini\u2019s <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/news\/anniversary-of-khomeini-s-fatwa-which-led-to-1988-massacre-in-iran\/\" rel=\"noopener\">fatwa<\/a> targeting the PMOI. Eyewitnesses recall him taking a leading role in many of the proceedings, during which he routinely passed death sentences in the span of just a few minutes, closing one political prisoner\u2019s file and moving swiftly to the next one. His commitment to the mass executions eventually led to Khomeini extending his jurisdiction beyond Tehran to several other cities, as a means of correcting so-called \u201cweakness in the judiciary.\u201d<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Friday\u2019s conference served to reinforce international recognition of Raisi\u2019s criminal background by\u00a0underlining\u00a0that his enthusiastic embrace of the massacre made him a party not just to crimes against humanity but also to genocide. UK barrister and human rights expert <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/news\/human-rights\/irans-1988-massacre-of-the-mek-worst-crime-against-humanity-since-ww2-geoffrey-robertson-qc\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Geoffrey Robertson<\/a>\u00a0QC, for one, used the conference as an outlet for his argument that the religious motives behind Khomeini\u2019s fatwa lent support to the idea of labeling the massacre as genocide and prosecuting its perpetrators accordingly.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Robertson explained that an incident rises to the level of genocide if it involves \u201ckilling or causing serious mental or physical harm to members of a racial or religious group\u201d with the intention of destroying or comprehensively displacing that group. \u201cThe religious group which the Iranian regime intended to destroy were those who held a different view of Islam,\u201d Robertson added.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"lyte-wrapper\" title=\"The 1988 Massacre of Political Prisoners in Iran: Eyewitness Accounts, Asghar Mehdizadeh\" style=\"width:853px;max-width:100%;margin:5px;\"><div class=\"lyMe\" id=\"WYL_TB5BdTz5-BE\" itemprop=\"video\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/VideoObject\"><div><meta itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" content=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FTB5BdTz5-BE%2Fhqdefault.jpg\" \/><meta itemprop=\"embedURL\" content=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/TB5BdTz5-BE\" \/><meta itemprop=\"duration\" content=\"PT35M10S\" \/><meta itemprop=\"uploadDate\" content=\"2021-08-22T20:42:31Z\" \/><\/div><div id=\"lyte_TB5BdTz5-BE\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FTB5BdTz5-BE%2Fhqdefault.jpg\" class=\"pL\"><div class=\"tC\"><div class=\"tT\" itemprop=\"name\">The 1988 Massacre of Political Prisoners in Iran: Eyewitness Accounts, Asghar Mehdizadeh<\/div><\/div><div class=\"play\"><\/div><div class=\"ctrl\"><div class=\"Lctrl\"><\/div><div class=\"Rctrl\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><noscript><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/TB5BdTz5-BE\" rel=\"nofollow\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FTB5BdTz5-BE%2F0.jpg\" alt=\"The 1988 Massacre of Political Prisoners in Iran: Eyewitness Accounts, Asghar Mehdizadeh\" width=\"853\" height=\"460\" \/><br \/>Watch this video on YouTube<\/a><\/noscript><meta itemprop=\"description\" content=\"Read More: I am Asghar Mehdizadeh, born in 1957 in the city of Soomehsara. I was in Soomehsara, Fooman, Rasht, Evin, and Gohardasht prisons for 13 years. I was arrested in Tehran in early 1982, along with MEK supporter Mohsen. Mohsen was martyred under torture because he always defended the aspirations of the MEK. While I was under interrogation, I saw many brothers and sisters who were martyred under torture. I then had my interrogation continued in solitary confinement in Gohardasht. After spending a year and a half there, many prisoners, including Farhad Komayi, who was my superior and was very much loved by the people of Soomehsara, were executed. I was sentenced to 15 years. See the full text at \u201cEyewitness Accounts.\u201d https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/1988-massacre-of-political-prisoners-in-iran\/ https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/IranNCR\/ https:\/\/twitter.com\/iran_policy Subscribe to NCRI weekly newsletter t.ly\/MybJ\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lL\" style=\"max-width:100%;width:853px;margin:5px;\"><\/div><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Eric David, a professor of international law from Belgium, agreed. The 1988 massacre, he argued, \u201cis indeed a crime of genocide because these people were killed because they belonged to a current of Islam that the mullahs&#8217; regime contested.\u201d While it has been reported that 90 percent of the massacre\u2019s victims were affiliated with the PMOI,\u00a0the 1988 massacre was a\u00a0part of a broader strategy of enforcing the fundamentalist view of Islam which underlay\u00a0the regime\u2019s\u00a0theocratic dictatorship.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The Iranian opposition president, Mrs.\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/maryam-rajavi\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Maryam Rajavi<\/a>\u00a0highlighted that ominous strategy in her speech before Friday\u2019s conference. \u201cKhomeini\u2019s fatwa was an explicit decree to execute all the Mojahedin who remained steadfast,\u201d she said. \u201c[But] the goal of the regime goes far beyond the execution of several thousand. It is the obliteration of a generation, an ideology, and men and women who rejected religious extremism under the guise of Islam and stood up for human freedom and dignity.\u201d<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Robertson, David, and others indicated that if that suppressed ideology \u2013 the ideology of moderate and apolitical Islam \u2013 can be identified as a religious category unto itself, then it will be easy to make the case that Raisi, other leading officials, and ultimately the entire Iranian regime are guilty of genocide as well as more generic crimes against humanity. What\u2019s more, the legal experts emphasized that once that case has been successfully presented to the international\u00a0community, it is incumbent upon all nations that have ratified the Genocide Convention to take actions supporting accountability and deterrence for those suspected of the crime.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Friday\u2019s conference naturally continued to urge the formation of a UN commission of inquiry as something that would fulfill that international responsibility and would set the stage for prosecution of leading perpetrators at the International Criminal Court. As an alternative, it highlighted the principle of \u201cuniversal jurisdiction,\u201d which allows for any judiciary to initiate prosecution within its own jurisdiction for anyone who stands accused of committing serious international crimes in another jurisdiction where they are unlikely to face accountability.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This principle is currently being put to the test in Sweden, where a lower-level participant in the 1988 massacre is being prosecuted on charges of war crimes and mass murder. It is the first trial of its kind, but it will set the stage for other nations to execute arrest warrants\u00a0similar to\u00a0that which led to\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/news\/iran-stockholm-trial-begins-of-hamid-noury-over-1988-massacre\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Noury\u2019s\u00a0detention<\/a> in 2019.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Many human rights defenders and survivors of the 1988 massacre were, of course, distressed to learn that <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/who-is-ebrahim-raisi-ncr-iran\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Ebrahim Raisi<\/a> would be taking control of the presidency. Amnesty International described it as a \u201cgrim reminder that impunity reigns supreme in Iran.\u201d But the discussion of universal jurisdiction raised the possibility of a silver lining within this development, namely the fact that Raisi\u2019s pending state visits will put him within easy reach of whatever Western authorities decide to utilize the legal principle and bring him to justice after more than three decades for a series of killings that arguably amount to genocide.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Weekly-Signe-up-logo-1\" class=\"size-full wp-image-219239 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Weekly-Signe-up-logo-1.png\" alt=\"Weekly-Signe-up-logo-1\" width=\"250\" height=\"83\" \/><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>UN Working Group on Enforced Disappearances&nbsp;joined&nbsp;the call for an international investigation into the&nbsp;1988 massacre.&nbsp;&nbsp; &ldquo;The Working Group reiterates the concerns expressed about the ongoing concealment of burial sites of those [&#8230;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":230972,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[129,141,142],"class_list":{"0":"post-246287","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-human-rights","8":"tag-iran","9":"tag-human-rights","10":"tag-1988-massacre"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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