{"id":322657,"date":"2024-07-28T17:37:30","date_gmt":"2024-07-28T16:37:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/?p=322657"},"modified":"2024-07-28T17:37:30","modified_gmt":"2024-07-28T16:37:30","slug":"steadfast-the-word-that-decided-life-and-death-in-irans-1988-massacre","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/iran-1988-massacre-of-political-prisoners\/steadfast-the-word-that-decided-life-and-death-in-irans-1988-massacre\/","title":{"rendered":"Steadfast: The Word That Decided Life and Death in Iran\u2019s 1988 Massacre"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_248908\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-248908\" style=\"width: 1000px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-248908\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/iran-photos-massacre1988-victims-min.jpg\" alt=\"iran-photos-massacre1988-victims-min\" width=\"1000\" height=\"565\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/iran-photos-massacre1988-victims-min.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/iran-photos-massacre1988-victims-min-300x170.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/iran-photos-massacre1988-victims-min-768x434.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/iran-photos-massacre1988-victims-min-150x85.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/iran-photos-massacre1988-victims-min-696x393.jpg 696w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-248908\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos of some of the victims of the 1988 massacre of political prisoners in Iran. Some 30,000 mostly members of MEK were executed.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Over the years, as <a href=\"https:\/\/iran1988.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the 1988 massacre<\/a> began to claim the attention of the global conscience and calls for accountability started to rise within Iran, the clerical dictatorship found itself battling a growing tide of popular sentiment. Among the many narratives spun by its web of misinformation was the false notion that the victims\u2014heroic political prisoners massacred in the summer of 1988\u2014were unaware of the consequences of their responses to the Death Committees.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The regime apologists claim that over <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/1988-massacre-of-political-prisoners-in-iran\/\">30,000 political prisoners<\/a>, 90% of whom were members and supporters of the People\u2019s Mojahedin Organization (PMOI\/MEK), did not know that admitting their affiliation to the Death Committee would seal their fate. The regime apologists insist that, had they known, they would have repented and chosen life over death.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This narrative is a desperate attempt to deny the sheer bravery and self-sacrifice of tens of thousands of freedom-loving souls. By propagating such falsehoods, the regime apologists aim to undermine the heroic message these martyrs sent to society, hoping to demotivate a new generation from pursuing their dreams and resisting oppression. The regime is also terrified by the enduring legacy of a forbidden name\u2014 a name that more than 30,000 individuals from diverse walks of life stood for with their heads held high before the gallows. Their defiant stance continues to inspire men and women, young and old, with the conviction that life in democracy and freedom is too precious to forsake and that dying with honor is preferable to living on one\u2019s knees, submitting to tyranny.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Contrary to the regime apologists\u2019 claims, an official United Nations document tells a different story. After six years of meticulous investigation, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/countries\/iran\/20240717-SR-Iran-Findings.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the report filed<\/a> by Javaid Rehman, the UN Special Rapporteur on Human Rights in Iran, unequivocally states that the clerical dictatorship targeted those who remained defiant and proudly defended their affiliation with the MEK. These individuals claimed the moral high ground, cementing a legacy for future generations to rise and continue the fight until the sun of equality, freedom, and democracy shines over Iran forever.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">The untainted blood of those innocent souls massacred in 1988 resonates today in the ongoing uprisings of the Iranian people and continues to inspire and motivate rebellious youths across generations.<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Iran?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Iran<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/1988Massacre?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#1988Massacre<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/b16E72f4jz\">pic.twitter.com\/b16E72f4jz<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Maryam Rajavi (@Maryam_Rajavi) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/Maryam_Rajavi\/status\/1684179184778891265?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 26, 2023<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The following passages from the UN report stand as a testament to this truth and tell the story of 30,000 women and men, young and old, who remained steadfast:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Page 31:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u201cThe Special Rapporteur has received submissions from families of those executed and testimonies from survivors that the decision to carry out the massacre of <strong>all steadfast prisoners<\/strong> had been made months earlier and specific measures were taken by the authorities to set the stage for the mass killings. These submissions point to a pattern of threats, interrogations, classification procedures, and prisoner transfers between various prisons, and suggest a premeditated plan leading up to the mass killings. The classification procedure in Evin prison is also reported to have taken the form of questions about \u201cthe Islamic Republic\u201d and \u201cIslam\u201d during February 1988.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Page 32:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u201cAyatollah Khomeini\u2019s fatwa stated that all those imprisoned opponents who \u2018<strong>remain steadfast in their position of nefaq<\/strong> in prisons throughout the country are considered to be mohareb [waging war against God] and are condemned to execution.\u2019 As noted previously, these imprisoned prisoners included those who had already been tried and were serving their prison terms. Reportedly, none were on death row. The text of the fatwa was later published in the memoirs of Ayatollah Hossein-Ali Montazeri, who in 1988 was the Deputy Supreme Leader and Khomeini\u2019s heir-apparent. While Khomeini\u2019s fatwa called for the execution of <strong>all political prisoners affiliated to the PMOI, who remained steadfast in their beliefs<\/strong>, there have been reports that another decree was issued regarding the execution of members of leftist political groups, although no such decree has ever been published.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nefaq or Monafeq is Arabic for <em>hypocrite<\/em> or <em>hypocrisy<\/em>, a pejorative term the clerical regime has been using for more than four decades to defame the PMOI in Iran\u2019s society.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Page 33:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u201cFurther clarifications were sought from Khomeini about his fatwa: in his memoirs, Hossein Ali Montazeri published a copy of a letter written by Khomeini\u2019s son, Ahmad Khomeini, to his father seeking clarification on behalf of the Head of Iran\u2019s Supreme Court and a member of Iran\u2019s Supreme Judicial Council, Abdulkarim Mousavi Ardebili. The questions raised were whether these execution orders only applied to prisoners who had been previously tried and sentenced to death but while on death row had not changed their positions, or whether the death sentence was to be applied to all those who had not yet been tried as well as those who had been sentenced to imprisonment, had served their sentence but still remained <strong>\u201csteadfast\u201d in their support for the PMOI<\/strong>. The questions also sought clarification as to whether provincial authorities could exercise their independent judgment or were required to refer cases of prisoners to the judicial organ in the capital of the province. <\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Khomeini\u2019s unequivocal response to all of the above issues was as follows: In all the above cases, if anyone at any stage maintains his position on nefaq [a pejorative reference to the PMOI], the sentence is execution; annihilate the enemies of Islam immediately; regarding the [process] of dealing with cases, [adopt] whichever way that ensures the order is implemented more quickly.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Crimes against humanity looms large over Ebrahim Raisi\u2019s inauguration as President of Iran today. We continue to call for him to be criminally investigated for his role in past and ongoing crimes against humanity related to <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/1988Massacre?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#1988Massacre<\/a>.<a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/PrRbGhCanG\">https:\/\/t.co\/PrRbGhCanG<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Amnesty International (@amnesty) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/amnesty\/status\/1423217138102325249?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">August 5, 2021<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Page 34:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u201cIn issuing his fatwa, Khomeini ordered the execution of all <strong>\u2018steadfast\u2019 Mojahedin prisoners<\/strong> in which he also decreed the formation of three-member commissions nationwide, each commission including a religious judge, prosecutor (or deputy prosecutor) and representative from the Ministry of Intelligence.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>The procedures established by the \u2018Death Commissions\u2019 were arbitrary and crude. According to survivors, prison authorities summoned individual detainees one by one and posed a series of questions. For those who identified themselves as Mojahedin, the foremost of these questions was whether or not they were willing to denounce the PMOI. Those who affirmed their association with the Mojahedin and were not willing to denounce the PMOI were sentenced to death.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Page 38:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u201cC. Mass murder through summary, arbitrary, and extrajudicial executions<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Khomeini\u2019s 1988 fatwa is manifestly clear that he intentionally and purposefully ordered the mass executions of <strong>all steadfast PMOI members<\/strong>, an ordinance that was also subsequently implemented against members of other groups. The wilful executioners implemented Khomeini\u2019s fatwa in full knowledge that they were committing international crimes by systematically and deliberately murdering political prisoners all across the country in a coordinated manner. Although there is a lack of unanimity in the precise numbers of those executed, there is no doubt that at least several thousand persons were murdered all across Iranian prisons as part of a \u2018widespread\u2019 and \u2018systematic attack\u2019 directed at the prison population during the summer of 1988.<\/em><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">\ud83d\udea8Important and troubling report from <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/UN?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@UN<\/a> highlights the need for accountability in <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Iran?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Iran<\/a>&#39;s <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/1988Massacre?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#1988Massacre<\/a>.<br \/>As professionals, it is our responsibility to advocate for human rights and demand accountability for these atrocities. <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/NYQZeetVy4\">https:\/\/t.co\/NYQZeetVy4<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/Xhe5wedLNY\">pic.twitter.com\/Xhe5wedLNY<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; APA-ice (@APA_ICE) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/APA_ICE\/status\/1804087432159043961?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 21, 2024<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Various sources have provided evidence of summary, arbitrary, and extra-judicial executions of thousands of political prisoners in pursuit of the fatwa issued by the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The official governmental sources \u2013 substantiated by the Audio file of Hossein-Ali Montazeri \u2013 confirm that mass executions of political dissidents took place during 1988. These executions had no legal basis in law and therefore constituted summary, arbitrary, and extra-judicial executions. The executions of those <strong>perceived to be \u2018steadfast\u2019 in their beliefs<\/strong> were so tragically comprehensive and brutal that even those with physical disabilities were not spared. Thus, for example, prisoner Kaveh Nasseri, despite epilepsy and paralysis, was executed as was prisoner Nasser Mansouri whose spinal cord had been severed.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Page 49:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u201cThe specific requirements of the Genocide Convention and the challenges related to establishing genocide have already been considered. Khomeini\u2019s fatwa, a key document of the 1988 massacre, lays bare the genocidal intent in physically destroying the PMOI, which was treated as a religious group by the perpetrators. The fatwa explicitly characterizes the PMOI\u2019s alleged religious transgressions as \u2018waging war against God\u2019 that must be punished by execution. Khomeini decreed \u201cSince the treacherous monafeqin [PMOI] do not believe in Islam and whatever they say stems from their deception and hypocrisy, and since, as per the admissions of their leaders, they have deserted Islam, and since they wage war against God . . . it follows that those <strong>who remain steadfast in their position of nefaq <\/strong>in prisons throughout the country are considered to be mohareb [waging war against God] and are condemned to execution.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Over the years, as the 1988 massacre began to claim the attention of the global conscience and calls for accountability started to rise within Iran, the clerical dictatorship found itself [&#8230;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":248908,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,15,284],"tags":[141,142,197],"class_list":{"0":"post-322657","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-iran-resistance","8":"category-human-rights","9":"category-iran-1988-massacre-of-political-prisoners","10":"tag-human-rights","11":"tag-1988-massacre","12":"tag-mek-iran"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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