{"id":334839,"date":"2025-07-28T20:26:13","date_gmt":"2025-07-28T19:26:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/?p=334839"},"modified":"2025-07-28T20:26:13","modified_gmt":"2025-07-28T19:26:13","slug":"the-1988-massacre-in-iran-a-crime-against-humanity-and-the-pursuit-of-justice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/news\/human-rights\/the-1988-massacre-in-iran-a-crime-against-humanity-and-the-pursuit-of-justice\/","title":{"rendered":"The 1988 Massacre in Iran: A Crime Against Humanity and the Pursuit of Justice"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_319919\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-319919\" style=\"width: 1000px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-319919\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/iranian-resistance-activism-1988-massacre-victims-photos.jpg\" alt=\"In the summer of 1988, the Iranian regime massacred 30,000 political prisoners in just a few weeks\" width=\"1000\" height=\"568\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/iranian-resistance-activism-1988-massacre-victims-photos.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/iranian-resistance-activism-1988-massacre-victims-photos-300x170.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/iranian-resistance-activism-1988-massacre-victims-photos-768x436.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/iranian-resistance-activism-1988-massacre-victims-photos-739x420.jpg 739w, https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/iranian-resistance-activism-1988-massacre-victims-photos-150x85.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/iranian-resistance-activism-1988-massacre-victims-photos-696x395.jpg 696w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-319919\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the summer of 1988, the Iranian regime massacred 30,000 political prisoners in just a few weeks<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Four-minute read<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In 1988, a grieving mother in Tehran received a plastic bag containing her son\u2019s bloodied clothes. No explanation. No grave. No body. Her son was one of thousands executed in secret by the Iranian regime\u2014a mass killing that has since been recognized as one of the most horrific political purges of the late 20th century. Today, the world knows it as the 1988 Massacre.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">A Coordinated Crime: Origins of the Massacre<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In July 1988, the regime\u2019s then Supreme Leader, Ruhollah Khomeini, abruptly agreed to a ceasefire with Iraq. Humiliated by the decision\u2014what he called \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1988-07-20-mn-6124-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drinking the poison chalice<\/a>\u201d\u2014he redirected his fury inward. Political prisoners, especially those affiliated with the People&#8217;s Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI\/MEK), became the new targets.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Khomeini issued a fatwa that ordered the execution of all PMOI members in prison who remained loyal to their cause. Special tribunals\u2014infamously known as the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/iran1988.org\/1988-massacre\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Death Commissions<\/a>\u201d\u2014were set up across the country to interrogate prisoners in a matter of minutes and decide their fate.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Global experts warn of repeat 1988 massacre as Iran regime calls for mass killings <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/cJDoAspdNL\">https:\/\/t.co\/cJDoAspdNL<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; People&#39;s Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI\/MEK) (@Mojahedineng) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/Mojahedineng\/status\/1948432994609303967?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 24, 2025<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Inside the Death Commissions<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">These extrajudicial panels consisted of judicial, intelligence, and religious officials. Among the most notorious were:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/iran-hrm.com\/2025\/04\/05\/death-of-hossein-ali-nayyeri-chief-judge-of-the-1988-mass-executions-tribunal\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hossein-Ali Nayyeri<\/a> \u2013 Religious judge and head of the Tehran commission<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/who-is-ebrahim-raisi-ncr-iran\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ebrahim Raisi<\/a> \u2013 Then deputy prosecutor of Tehran, later became head of judiciary and eventually regime president for his criminal record in service of the regime<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/news\/anews\/who-is-who\/iran-1988-massacre-who-is-mostafa-pourmohammadi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mostafa Pourmohammadi<\/a> \u2013 Intelligence Ministry representative who later justified the killings as fulfilling a \u201cdivine command\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pourmohammadi would later state: <em>\u201cWe executed God&#8217;s commandment regarding the MEK. We are at peace with our conscience.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">These officials operated with chilling efficiency, asking prisoners a single question: <em>Do you still support the Mojahedin?<\/em> A \u201cyes,\u201d or even silence, meant immediate execution.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Mostafa Pourmohammadi&#39;s staged interview reveals the regime&#39;s desperation to rewrite history on the <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/1988Massacre?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#1988Massacre<\/a> and counter MEK&#39;s influence on a restless society\u2014an organization <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Tehran?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Tehran<\/a> has tried hard to eliminate and defame while claiming it has no significant following. <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/dbxo2jjZGa\">pic.twitter.com\/dbxo2jjZGa<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; NCRI-FAC (@iran_policy) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/iran_policy\/status\/1805498848271315171?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 25, 2024<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">A Nationwide Purge<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The scope of the massacre was vast and methodical. According to reports documented by opposition groups and submitted to the United Nations:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Over 30,000 political prisoners were executed between late July and September 1988.<\/li>\n<li>In just three days (August 14\u201316), 860 corpses were transferred from Evin Prison to the Behesht-e Zahra<\/li>\n<li>On August 6, 200 MEK prisoners on hunger strike were executed in Evin\u2019s main hall.<\/li>\n<li>Entire prisons\u2014including those in Gohardasht, Mashhad, Kermanshah, Shiraz, and Bandar Anzali\u2014were emptied of political prisoners.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">One internal report described how six cranes and three forklifts operated around the clock to carry out hangings in Gohardasht. Each crane handled multiple executions simultaneously.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Who Were the Victims?<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The victims were not combatants, but political prisoners, many of whom had already served their sentences. They included:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Experts Urge UN to Prevent Repeat of <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Iran?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Iran<\/a>\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/1988Massacre?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#1988Massacre<\/a> Amid Surge in Executions<a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/tPxhOsHPFg\">https:\/\/t.co\/tPxhOsHPFg<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; NCRI-FAC (@iran_policy) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/iran_policy\/status\/1948384927814123581?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 24, 2025<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Teenagers and university students<\/li>\n<li>Elderly parents and grandparents<\/li>\n<li>Pregnant women and nursing mothers<\/li>\n<li>Entire families linked to MEK supporters<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">According to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/ncri-statements\/terrorism-fundamentalism\/kazem-rajavi-iran-ncri\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Kazem Rajavi<\/a>, the regime often executed individuals &#8220;without any formal charges or trials&#8230; simply for having different political views.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Prison visits were abruptly suspended. Families were left waiting outside gates or were summoned to collect only their loved ones&#8217; belongings.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Torture, Concealment, and Destruction of Evidence<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Reports compiled from survivors, whistleblowers, and resistance members reveal harrowing details of torture and concealment:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Use of chemical gas to execute prisoners in some locations<\/li>\n<li>Burning of bodies to hide evidence of beatings and sexual assault<\/li>\n<li>Mass graves, often shallow and unmarked, across at least 21 cities<\/li>\n<li>Children born in prison after their mothers were tortured while pregnant<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A witness testified in Stockholm: <em>&#8220;They flogged us until our skin came off&#8230; some girls were raped before execution&#8230; we were all just waiting to die.&#8221;<\/em><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">IRGC-run Fars News Calls for Repeat of <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/1988Massacre?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#1988Massacre<\/a> Amid Crumbling Authority and Fear of <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/Mojahedineng?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@Mojahedineng<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/YyGpEExjrn\">https:\/\/t.co\/YyGpEExjrn<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/eEcGg8a1KW\">pic.twitter.com\/eEcGg8a1KW<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; NCRI-FAC (@iran_policy) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/iran_policy\/status\/1942620979311616364?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 8, 2025<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">International Recognition and Legal Framing<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The United Nations Special Rapporteur, Prof. Reynaldo Galindo Pohl, received extensive documentation in 1989, including over 1,100 names of confirmed victims. His report noted:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u201cMost victims were already serving sentences or had completed them. Executions were carried out without due process or legal defense.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/countries\/iran\/20240717-SR-Iran-Findings.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">landmark report released in 2024<\/a>, Javaid Rehman, then UN Special Rapporteur on the human rights situation in Iran, concluded that the 1988 massacre of thousands of political prisoners\u2014primarily affiliated with the People\u2019s Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI)\u2014constituted both genocide and crimes against humanity. The report called for the establishment of an international accountability mechanism to prosecute those responsible, marking the strongest legal condemnation yet by a UN expert of one of the clerical regime&#8217;s gravest atrocities.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Under international law, the 1988 Massacre qualifies as a crime against humanity due to:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Systematic extermination of a political group<\/li>\n<li>Lack of due process and summary executions<\/li>\n<li>Widespread use of torture and sexual violence<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Multiple UN General Assembly resolutions, European Parliament votes, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/campaigns\/2018\/10\/blood-soaked-secrets\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Amnesty International reports<\/a> have condemned the massacre.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Justice Movement: A Global Call<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Since 1988, a growing coalition of families, survivors, and Iranian opposition groups\u2014especially the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI)\u2014have kept the cause alive. Their actions include:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Submitting evidence and names of perpetrators to the UN and the ICC<\/li>\n<li>Hosting People\u2019s Tribunals in The Hague, Paris, Stockholm, London, and elsewhere<\/li>\n<li>Organizing global hunger strikes across 17 countries<\/li>\n<li>Documenting 3,200+ names of victims and identifying 31 mass graves<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">At the UN\u2019s 45th Human Rights Commission session, the massacre was raised officially for the first time. Survivor testimonies from across Europe and North America were presented, backed by hundreds of parliamentarians and legal experts.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">UN Rapporteur Recognizes 1980s Mass Executions in <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Iran?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Iran<\/a> as <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Genocide?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Genocide<\/a> and Crimes Against Humanity<a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/83pklQB6mc\">https:\/\/t.co\/83pklQB6mc<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; NCRI-FAC (@iran_policy) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/iran_policy\/status\/1818302488753107327?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 30, 2024<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Why This Still Matters<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Many of the massacre\u2019s architects remain in power today. Mostafa Pourmohammadi, once a death commission member, was Minister of Justice from 2013 until 2017. Ali Khamenei, then-president and now Supreme Leader, has consistently protected the perpetrators and denied the killings.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">One survivor said during a tribunal:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u201cThe same people who tortured us now run our country. Justice is not revenge\u2014it\u2019s a warning to history.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Beyond justice for past crimes, the movement speaks to Iran\u2019s future\u2014a future that must be built on accountability, transparency, and respect for human rights.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">301 Experts Warn of Looming Mass Atrocities in <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Iran?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Iran<\/a>, Urge UN Action to Prevent Repeat of <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/1988Massacre?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#1988Massacre<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/HumanRightsViolations?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#HumanRightsViolations<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/StopExecutionsInIran?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#StopExecutionsInIran<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/cnPDUjcM91\">https:\/\/t.co\/cnPDUjcM91<\/a> via <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/IranNewsUpdate1?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@irannewsupdate1<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Iran News Update (@IranNewsUpdate1) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/IranNewsUpdate1\/status\/1948313309557440581?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 24, 2025<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The 1988 massacre was not a chaotic byproduct of war\u2014it was a calculated extermination campaign. It erased thousands of voices but could not silence the will for freedom. The justice-seeking movement is not merely about remembering the dead; it is about defending the living and shaping a new future for Iran.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As one mother who lost four children said at a tribunal in Paris:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u201cBetween us and them lies a sea of blood. We will never forget. And we will never stop.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Four-minute read In 1988, a grieving mother in Tehran received a plastic bag containing her son&rsquo;s bloodied clothes. No explanation. No grave. No body. Her son was one of thousands [&#8230;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":89,"featured_media":319919,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[75,15,284],"tags":[142,276,5483],"class_list":{"0":"post-334839","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-stop-executions-in-iran","8":"category-human-rights","9":"category-iran-1988-massacre-of-political-prisoners","10":"tag-1988-massacre","11":"tag-iran-human-rights","12":"tag-stop-execution-in-iran"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The 1988 Massacre in Iran: A Crime Against Humanity and the Pursuit of Justice - NCRI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Four-minute read In 1988, a grieving mother in Tehran received a plastic bag containing her son\u2019s bloodied clothes. 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