{"id":346756,"date":"2026-07-22T16:18:41","date_gmt":"2026-07-22T15:18:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/?p=346756"},"modified":"2026-07-22T16:19:41","modified_gmt":"2026-07-22T15:19:41","slug":"what-the-triumph-and-fall-of-irans-last-patriot-pm-tells-about-its-peoples-agency","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/news\/iran-resistance\/what-the-triumph-and-fall-of-irans-last-patriot-pm-tells-about-its-peoples-agency\/","title":{"rendered":"What the Triumph and Fall of Iran\u2019s Last Patriot PM Tells About Its People\u2019s Agency"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_346757\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-346757\" style=\"width: 1000px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-346757\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/iran-tehran-uprising-support-for-mossadegh-21071952.jpg\" alt=\"July 21, 1952\u2014Massive crowds in Tehran, Iran's capital, carry a large portrait of Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh during the 30 Tir uprising \" width=\"1000\" height=\"562\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/iran-tehran-uprising-support-for-mossadegh-21071952.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/iran-tehran-uprising-support-for-mossadegh-21071952-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/iran-tehran-uprising-support-for-mossadegh-21071952-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/iran-tehran-uprising-support-for-mossadegh-21071952-747x420.jpg 747w, https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/iran-tehran-uprising-support-for-mossadegh-21071952-150x84.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/iran-tehran-uprising-support-for-mossadegh-21071952-696x391.jpg 696w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-346757\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">July 21, 1952\u2014 Massive crowds in Tehran, Iran&#8217;s capital, carry a large portrait of Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh during the 30 Tir uprising<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Three-minute read<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">There is a photograph, taken\u00a0sometime\u00a0in the early nineteen-sixties\u00a0of an old man in a village house, writing at a table. He is stooped, thin, under house arrest. His wife is dead. His visitors are rationed to Fridays. The Shah&#8217;s soldiers occupy the schoolhouse he built for the local children. The old man is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/news\/iran-resistance\/revisiting-the-legacy-of-mohammad-mossadegh-a-blueprint-for-democratic-governance\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mohammad Mossadegh<\/a>, and he is writing an inscription on a book about Algeria.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The book,\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iketab.com\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Algeria and the Mujahid Men<\/span><\/i><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, was sent to him in Ahmadabad by Hassan Sadr [1], his legal counsellor who had stood beside him at the International Court of Justice at The Hague. In his handwriting, dated spring of 1962 \u2014 the very year Algeria won its independence from France \u2014 Dr. Mossadegh wrote: &#8220;I believe the publication of this book will have an impact beyond expectations, so that all will know which path they must take in the interest of the country.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">It was not a casual endorsement. A lifelong champion of parliamentary democracy and nonviolent resistance was now, from exile, pointing his compatriots toward the Algerian struggle \u2014 a struggle in which a colonized people had paid in hundreds of thousands of lives to break free from imperial domination.\u00a0Dr.\u00a0Mossadegh called for\u00a0resolve. He urged Sadr to read passages aloud, &#8220;because in your voice and manner of reading there is a special effect that makes the writing doubly impactful.&#8221; He wanted the lesson to\u00a0reach into\u00a0bones.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Revisiting the Legacy of Mohammad Mossadegh: A Blueprint for Democratic Governance in <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/hashtag\/Iran?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Iran<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/RyeT8s4ISt\">https:\/\/t.co\/RyeT8s4ISt<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; NCRI-FAC (@iran_policy) <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/iran_policy\/status\/1950432029805265013?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 30, 2025<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.x.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">That history of uprising and suppression runs like a wound through modern Iran. The <a href=\"https:\/\/theamargi.com\/posts\/explainer-what-was-the-iranian-constitutional-revolution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Constitutional Revolution of 1905\u20131911<\/a> gave the country a parliament and heroes \u2014 Sattar Khan <span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">[2] <\/b><\/span>, the horseman from Tabriz who held out against a royal siege; Baqir Khan\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">[3]<\/b><\/span>, his deputy. Russia and Britain conspired to crush the movement; Sattar Khan died broken and forgotten. The\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Jangal<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><em> Movement<\/em> of 1915\u20131921 saw Mirza\u00a0Kuchak\u00a0Khan <span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">[4] <\/b><\/span> raise a rebellion in Gilan&#8217;s forests against royal corruption and foreign meddling; it was strangled by internal fracture and outside pressure, and Kuchak Khan&#8217;s severed head was sent to Tehran as proof. The oil nationalization movement of the early nineteen-fifties produced Dr. Mossadegh himself and his Foreign Minister, Hossein Fatemi <span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">[5] <\/b><\/span> \u2014 executed by the Shah&#8217;s firing squad after the 1953 coup.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In every case, the pattern was identical: Iranians rose. Foreign powers chose their\u00a0puppet. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/readingroom\/docs\/the%20central%20intelligence%20%5B15369853%5D.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The movement was crushed.<\/a> The world moved on, assuming the matter settled.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">It never was. On July 16, 1952, Dr. Mossadegh resigned over a constitutional dispute: the Shah refused to let his elected prime minister appoint the war minister. The Shah installed Ahmad Qavam <span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">[6] <\/b><\/span>, a veteran courtier prepared to reverse oil nationalization and resume negotiations with Britain. The assumption was that the public would accept the fait accompli.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">The greatest shortcoming of Iran\u2019s freedom movements has been the absence of a democratic alternative\u2014a cohesive, organized leadership and a liberation army.<br \/>Had these existed, the coup against Dr. Mossadegh would not have succeeded, nor the anti-monarchical revolution would have\u2026 <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/qFtJLkaX3O\">pic.twitter.com\/qFtJLkaX3O<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Maryam Rajavi (@Maryam_Rajavi) <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/Maryam_Rajavi\/status\/1957692971966439483?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">August 19, 2025<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.x.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">For five days, the people of Iran answered. Bazaars shut down. Strikes erupted across Tehran, Isfahan, Ahvaz, Hamadan, Kermanshah. According to declassified American intelligence documents, sixty-nine people were killed and more than seven hundred and fifty injured. On July 21, 1952,\u00a0military commanders, fearing mutiny, pulled their troops to the barracks. Qavam resigned. The Shah, shaken, reappointed\u00a0Dr.\u00a0Mossadegh and granted him the authority he had demanded.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">It was, in the truest sense, a people&#8217;s victory \u2014\u00a0purchased\u00a0with blood by ordinary Iranians who had simply refused to be told who would govern them.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Twenty-nine years later, on the same anniversary \u2014 July 21, 1981 \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncr-iran.org\/en\/massoud-rajavi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Massoud Rajavi<\/a> announced the founding of the National Council of Resistance of Iran in Tehran. The date was no coincidence. By then, Khomeini&#8217;s clerical regime had already begun executing opposition members\u00a0en\u00a0masse, dismantling the very freedoms Iranians had expected from the 1979 revolution. The NCRI was designed to avoid the structural failures that had doomed every\u00a0previous\u00a0democratic movement: the isolation of a single leader, the absence of an organized alternative, the ease with which foreign powers could decapitate a movement by removing one figure. It built a broad coalition \u2014 political parties, ethnic representatives, women&#8217;s organizations \u2014 with an elected leadership, a parliamentary structure, and a platform for a democratic, secular, non-nuclear republic. It learned the lesson that\u00a0Dr.\u00a0Mossadegh&#8217;s life had taught: a movement built on one person dies with that person; a movement built on a system endures.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Today, in 1953, Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh ordered the Shah to return all public properties confiscated by the Pahlavi family to <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/hashtag\/Iran?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Iran<\/a>&#39;s government. <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/cO3LGv4JW4\">pic.twitter.com\/cO3LGv4JW4<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; NCRI-FAC (@iran_policy) <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/iran_policy\/status\/1656729927754866688?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">May 11, 2023<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.x.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">And yet, seventy-four years after the 30th of Tir, foreign capitals continue to make the same miscalculation.\u00a0Some believe the clerical regime can be curbed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/us-war-iran-has-cost-375-billion-so-far-pentagon-says-2026-07-21\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">through military strikes<\/a>. Others wager on diplomatic accommodation \u2014 a negotiated arrangement in which the regime is stabilized, its worst behavior moderated, and the question of what Iranians\u00a0actually want\u00a0is indefinitely deferred. Both approaches share a common blindness: the agency of the Iranian people.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This neglect is not cost-free. Every year that foreign powers extend the regime&#8217;s life through deal-making or inaction, the suffering deepens \u2014 in Iran, across the region, and around the\u00a0world. The nuclear file festers. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2026\/07\/iran-lack-of-international-justice-six-months-after-january-protest-massacres-risks-further-atrocity-crimes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The repression intensifies<\/a>. The exodus of Iran&#8217;s brightest accelerates.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">July 21, 1952, should have settled the question. When the people of Iran decide to move, no shah, no foreign intelligence service, and no diplomatic framework\u00a0has\u00a0ever been able to hold them in place. The lesson\u00a0from Dr. Mossadegh\u00a0has been taught. The only question is whether the world is willing to learn it.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-path-to-node=\"3,0,0\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">[1] Hassan Sadr:<\/b> A prominent Iranian jurist, scholar, and author. He served as Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh&#8217;s legal counselor and was a key member of the Iranian delegation that successfully defended the nationalization of the country&#8217;s oil industry at the International Court of Justice in The Hague.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-path-to-node=\"3,1,0\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">[2] Sattar Khan (1866\u20131914):<\/b> Honored with the title &#8220;National Commander&#8221; (<i data-path-to-node=\"3,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"70\">Sardar-e Melli<\/i>), he was a pivotal military leader of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution. He famously led the resistance of the city of Tabriz against an 11-month siege by royalist forces and their Russian backers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-path-to-node=\"3,2,0\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">[3] Baqir Khan (1861\u20131916):<\/b> Bestowed with the title &#8220;National Leader&#8221; (<i data-path-to-node=\"3,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"67\">Salar-e Melli<\/i>), he was a core figure of the Constitutional Revolution. He fought as Sattar Khan\u2019s chief deputy and allied commander during the defense of Tabriz.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-path-to-node=\"3,3,0\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3,3,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">[4] Mirza Kuchak Khan (1880\u20131921):<\/b> An early 20th-century nationalist and revolutionary who led the Jangal (Forest) Movement in the northern province of Gilan. He fought to establish a republic and resist both domestic royal corruption and foreign (British and Russian) occupation before the movement was defeated in 1921.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-path-to-node=\"3,4,0\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3,4,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">[5] Hossein Fatemi (1917\u20131954):<\/b> A journalist, politician, and Dr. Mossadegh\u2019s loyal Foreign Minister. He was a driving force behind the nationalization of Iran&#8217;s oil industry and a fierce, vocal critic of the monarchy. Following the CIA-backed coup in 1953, he was arrested, tortured, and executed by a royal firing squad.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-path-to-node=\"3,5,0\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3,5,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">[6] Ahmad Qavam (1876\u20131955):<\/b> Also known by his royal title <i data-path-to-node=\"3,5,0\" data-index-in-node=\"55\">Qavam al-Saltaneh<\/i>, he was a powerful, veteran politician who served as Prime Minister of Iran five times. His brief installation as Prime Minister in July 1952, intended to reverse Mossadegh&#8217;s policies, triggered the massive nationwide protests (the 30th of Tir uprising) that forced his resignation after just days in power.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Three-minute read There is a photograph, taken&nbsp;sometime&nbsp;in the early nineteen-sixties&nbsp;of an old man in a village house, writing at a table. He is stooped, thin, under house arrest. His wife is dead. His visitors are rationed to Fridays. The Shah&rsquo;s soldiers occupy the schoolhouse he built for the local children. The old man is Mohammad [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":346757,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,5499],"tags":[222],"class_list":["post-346756","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-iran-resistance","category-fake-opposition","tag-iranian-resistance"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What the Triumph and Fall of Iran\u2019s Last Patriot PM Tells About Its People\u2019s Agency - NCRI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Three-minute read There is a photograph, taken\u00a0sometime\u00a0in the early nineteen-sixties\u00a0of an old man in a village house, writing at a table. 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